Population dynamics of earthworms in the two different cultivable land areas – wet land cultivable areas (WLCA) (including paddy, banana and sugarcane fields) and dry land cultivable areas (DLCA) (including coconut and groundnut fields) of five different pedoecosystems in the Cauvery delta areas of Sirkazhi taluk, Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu state, India with reference to various soil ecological parameters have been studied, for the first time during the period from November 2011 to April 2012. The WLCA (paddy> sugarcane> banana fields) harbor maximum population dynamics of earthworms whereas low in DLCA (groundnut> coconut fields). This may be due to presence of more edaphic factors - OC, N and moisture. Along with these, microorganisms as protein and N rich food support for earthworm growth and reproduction. They are involved synergistically influence the density and biomass of earthworm at maximum. In the five different pedoecosystems of Cauvery delta areas, only two types of soil namely clayloam and sandyloam are found and this variations are due to the nature of earlier agricultural activity and the nature of soil texture.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) reference to those application of computers instruction where a student engages in a dialogues with a computer programme to achieve a well defined and measurable understanding or skill. Tutorial provides interactive help on assigned homework, problems, Built in drill and remedial review ensure that students achieve understanding of the reasoning leading to problem solution as well as obtaining the correct answer, objective directed tutorial and drill complements, Supplements or replaces lecture and text book study on a specific topic like ‘SN’ reactions, Conversion of Methane to Carboxylic acids to Amides to Amines to Alcohols to Esters to Ethers to iodides etc. A student selects a learning objectives or concept that part of the course and “CAI’ programme tutors, quizzes the students on the Chemistry.

Arun Joshi was born at Banaras (Uttar Pradesh) on July 7, 1939. He was the youngest child in his family. Prof. A. C. Joshi was his father. He was Vice Chancellor of Punjab University. He was an adviser in the Planning Commission and Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University. He was married in 1964 to Rukmani Lal. He passed B.S. from Kansas University, U.S.A. in 1959. He passed M.S. from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A. in 1960.

Community assets are acquired to deliver services. Ongoing service delivery depends on the acquisition or creation, maintenance and renewal of community assets. Where a community asset can no longer deliver the services required by the community it needs to be renewed or replaced. Legally, municipalities and local self - governments are responsible for the community assets under their control. Facilities and infrastructure should operate efficiently and deliver the desired level of service to the community. Each community asset therefore needs to be managed in a planned way. It needs routine maintenance, repairs, and provision for replacement at the end of its useful life.

Community assets are acquired to deliver services. Ongoing service delivery depends on the acquisition or creation, maintenance and renewal of community assets. Where a community asset can no longer deliver the services required by the community it needs to be renewed or replaced. Legally, municipalities and local self - governments are responsible for the community assets under their control. Facilities and infrastructure should operate efficiently and deliver the desired level of service to the community. Each community asset therefore needs to be managed in a planned way. It needs routine maintenance, repairs, and provision for replacement at the end of its useful life.

Needs and resources are really two sides of the same coin. In order to get a comprehensive view of your community, it is important to look at what you have and what you need. With these things in mind, you can have a positive impact on the problem you wish to address. Understanding the community's needs and assets will also help the organization for efficient output of the intervention. This paper deals with the concept and meaning of needs and resources, decision making process of assessing local needs and resources are discussed in detail. Community participation and engagement plays a pivotal role in assessing needs and resources is discussed in detailed. The process of developing a plan for assessing local needs and resources, developing a comprehensive plan, designing an evaluation process, use of available data etc are putforth in detail. Various sources of data, types of data and use of data are also discussed in detail in this paper.

Sugarcane was used for chewing and its juice for drinking in ancient times. In India sugar making started between the fourth and fifth century A.D. The cane was cut into pieces, crushed by heavy weights and the juice boiled and cooled to get sugar in solid form. Malshiras tahsil is famous for the sugarcane cultivation and cooperative sugar industry. In this concern it is pertaining to understand the sugarcane cultivation trends in the Malshiras tahsil. The major aim of this research article is to find that,weather sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil doing the sugarcane cultivation in modern way. The data are colleted from the filed visits and unpublished reports and data colleted from the Tahsil Agriculture Office and Sugarcane Deptt. of all sugar factories in the Malshiras tahsil. It is intresting to find that, sugarcane cultivators in the Malshiras tahsil adopted new methdologies and tools during the sugarcane cultivation

This Article aims at highlighting the development of elementary education as seen in the district of Virudhunagar which became a separate district in 1985 by trifurcating it from the district of Ramnathapuram. Hence, it gives a brief account of the topographical set up of the district, its educational status from the age of Sangam to the present age in Tamil Nadu, the educational facilities and benefits given to the educational institutions as well as the ratio of the school going children, the gender wise literacy rate of the district, the enrolment and attendance of the students, examination results, the educational administrative structures of the district and finally the practical suggestions for improving the elementary education of the district.

Value means anything fulfills the needs, satisfies the urges and help in realizing. Values are principles, which guide human desire, feelings and actions. Values are ideals and remain abstract until they are habitualised through repeated action. The erosion of values is indeed universal. The nation also the world at large is presently passing through a critical stage. Several factors have contributed to the changing value system but still the future of nation lies in the future of its children. The future of children lives in the kind of education provided to them. India is known throughout the world for its rich culture, its values, but these are disappearing from roots. Thus, to maintain the identity of India it's necessary to inculcate values among children.

The concept of financial inclusion is not new in India. The concept has been prevailing in India from past 44 years. Beginning with the nationalization of commercial banks in 1969 and 1980, another major step taken was the establishment of Regional Rural Banks in 1975 and banking sector reforms after 1991. As a result of these three major policy changes, the number of branches of commercial bank have increased from 8262 in June 1969 to 97111 in 2012 (Economic survey 2011-2012) and population per branches decline rapidly from 65000 to 13756 (RBI 2008).

The Constitution (73rd and 74th Amendments Act) has the noble intention of bringing power to the women in general and tribal women in particular. These amendments provide for decentralization of power or decentralized administration through local self-governing bodies at the district (Zila Parishad), block (Panchayat Samiti), village (Gram Panchayat ) and Municipality/ NAC levels. These amendments further provide a platform for direct and active participation of women in various levels of development and nation-building process. One important objective of these amendments is to empower women and tribal women in particular, to have a greater access, say and role not only in the affairs at the grass –root level. It aims at reducing political and bureaucratic interference in various development programmers in rural and tribal areas.

-Since the early fifties, many developing countries are making concerted efforts to eliminate the colonial legacy of underdevelopment and social backwardness. Various measures have been undertaken to reshape the economy, social structure and cultural life of the masses. For the purpose, Indian since independence has implemented various developmental programs through five-year plans to bring socio-economic transformation of the society. The induction of commercial bank, co-operative bank, regional gramin bank and others since late sixties is one among many developmental programs operating in augmenting the living standard of poor, eliminating poverty, inequality and unemployment of the rural segments including tribes. Under the measures of Rural Development and Tribal Development Programs, these institutional credit agencies are called upon to play their role of the alleviation of poor. In fact, over the years experience shows that due to rigid formal procedure rural poor and tribal are not able to avail many benefits from these credit institutions.

Every piece of research aims to produce an answer to a scientific question. And it is reasonable to ask just how good an answer the research provides. Research is a form of learning, a way of increasing one's knowledge about the world. A novice in research always has some pressing questions – How to start a research project? In what order to proceed with the empirical study? How to make the empirical research more reliable one?

Clinically significant depression can be broadly understood as depression that is severe enough that it interferes with the person's ability to function in some way. It is quite common in every age group, affecting more than 16% of the populations in the United States at some point in their lifetime. Other statistics about depression include that it tends to occur at a rate of about 2% during childhood prior to the teenage years. This illness is a leading cause of health impairment (morbidity) and death (mortality). About 3,000 youths die by suicide each year in the United States, making it the third leading cause of death in the 10-24 year age group.

Plants are generally associated with diverse microorganisms. Endophytic organisms are those that colonize the plant internal tissue showing no external sign of infection or negative effect on their host. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is the most abundant kind of mycorrhiza described as 'a universal plant symbiosis'. They are found in practically every taxonomic group of plants and the list of species not infected is probably far shorter than rd the infected ones. Maize is an important cereal crop of India, stands 3 in area and production after rice and wheat. In the present study, effect of endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus fasciculatum for the improvement of nutrient contents, microbial population and biochemical constituents were evaluated. Maximum parameters were recorded in the treatment T (Endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescen + Glomus fasciculatum + 75% P). The treatment 7 T was on par with the treatment T (Control - 100% P). Minimum parameters were recorded in the treatment T 7 1 3 (Glomus fasciculatum alone).

A series of bistriazole derivatives 4a-i was prepared by the treatment of 1, 3 dibromopropane with sodium azide, sodium carbonate, ascorbic acid and substituted alkynes, respectively. The title compounds bistriazole derivatives shown good yields and high purity. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and Mass spectroscopy and these molecules were evaluated in vitro for their antibacterial activity and carcinogenicity study

The cyber revolution enabled the man to be more informed, more democratic, more interactive and more aware about the globe. Today the world is changing with fast pace. This is the age of universilization of individuality. Having a lappy on your knee u can connect with the world. It is difficult to provide an exact definition to the term social media. It a way of participation of others in your life or it is a place of self expression with other's comments. Here you can communicate openly. Basically it is a social club on the virtual space, where people with same interest get together and learn, teach, grow and interact. As far as human rights are concerned, these are “ basic rights and freedom that all people are entitled to, regardless of nationality, sex, age, ethnic origin, race, religion or other status. The cyber space provided us a platform to interact, to share, to express our ideas, feelings, knowledge and many more. It is giving voice to voice-less. It is also promoting the voice of Adna Admi (common man). Through Social networking we are sharing ourselves openly and freely, without any restriction or barrier. Through sample survey we analyzed and evaluated the nature of users and their participation in diffusion of different ideas and ideologies.

Sugar industry is one of the major industries in India. Among the agro based industries, the sugar industry in India holds the pride as an instrument of rural reconstruction and development. Labour being one of the basic factors of production in a manufacturing concern, generates an integrating force in policy implementation. The basic characteristics of the labour in sugar industry is quite different from those of the labour in other industries. The peculiar characteristics of the former lies in its being seasonal and in the proportion of the unskilled labour being very high.

The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana is of commercial importance as an alternative to chemical insecticides in an agroecosystem. The fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana is a widely used mycoinsecticide for control of several insect pests, providing a biological alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides. The potential Beauveria bassiana isolates (Bb – 1, Bb – 2 and Bb – 3) to produce different hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase, protease, amylase and lipase was determined in the present study by using the specific substrates. Enzyme index value of extracellular enzymes (Chitinase, Protease, Caseinase, Lipase and Amylase) produced by efficient Beauveria bassiana isolates was estimated in the present research. Maximum enzyme activity was observed by the isolate Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 1) followed by Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 2) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 3). Chitinase and protease activity of Beauveria bassiana isolates was investigated during Day – 2, Day – 4, Day – 6, Day – 8 and Day – 10. Maximum chitinase and protease activity was observed by the isolate Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 1) at Day – 4 followed by Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 2) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb – 3). Minimum enzyme activity was recorded at Day – 10.

Education along with the overall development of the individual has also the aim and duty towards the society to preserve the culture and civilization. Education is to formulate a curriculum suited to the modern needs of society. Education process is alive process which involves teacher and student in teaching Learning process. Education tries to promote thinking, reasoning, discrimination and other mental powers of individuals to the maximum. Overall development of an individual is possible only continuous researches are carried out in the education system. Research is needed and has its own importance in bringing out the suitable changes. Researches should be conducted so that educational objectives can be achieved. Further for the overall development of the learner, it is necessary to know the self-concept of the students. The gender of the students also affects the self-concept thus it becomes inevitable to know the effect of the sex of the students on the self-concept. Similarly the area of the residence also plays a vital role

India has nearly 50 million PWDs. But due to low literacy, few jobs availability and widespread social stigma makes disabled people as the most excluded in India. Children with disabilities are less likely to be in school, disabled adults are more likely to be unemployed, and families with a disabled member are often affected worse off than average.

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 84 rescued / returned trafficked victims spread over 11 mandals of Kadiri revenue division of Anantapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh. A pretested questionnaire was canvassed among the sample to study the socio economic conditions of the trafficked victims, reasons for trafficking, and problems faced by them like torture, physical and sexual abuse and violence. Poverty and social parameters like caste are found to be critical reasons behind trafficking of women for commercial sexual exploitation. Further, violence faced by trafficked victims was found to be severe at the entry point into brothel homeand gradually became less with passage of time. The study also tries to document thenature of violence faced by the victims from the offenders - traffickers, gharwali / brothel owner, clients and sometimes from the rescue team members

Soil microorganisms have been reported for maintaining the soil fertility by breaking down of organic matter and release of carbon dioxide, which is a measure of soil respiration, during their metabolic activities. But due to excessive use of agrochemicals, the populations of these beneficial microorganisms are declining which may decrease the fertility status of soil. Several studies were conducted on the toxic impact of some pesticides on soil respiration.On contrary, few studies were conducted on the effect of fertilizer on soil respiration and no specific result could be found out. So the present experiment was undertaken to find out effect of the most common fertilizer (Urea, Superphosphate, Potash and NPK) on soil respiration. The CO evolution reached a highest peak within 15 2 days of the experiment and then gradually started decreasing and finally became stabilize when compare with the control sample

Borrowing is essential in every phase of life. languages have been borrowers and lenders. No language anywhere has borrowed so extensively as English. English has been a borrower and lender (more a borrower than lender) all through its history. The wealth of borrowed words treasured in English, loan words, foreign contribution to the English language and so on. The quantum of the Indian element in English is considerably large. Oxford English Dictionary accords recognition to 900 main words of Indian origin and a few thousand derivations of these words. In recent times, English writers were attracted to Indian philosophy

“The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), enacted by the Government of India in 2005, is perhaps the most ambitious anti-poverty scheme launched anywhere in the world. However, as reported by the various studies, the scheme has shown several anomalies when it comes to its implementation in the right manner. Some anomalies relating to the implementation of this scheme was observed during the conduction of the research study on “Tribal Development Through Institutional Arrangements”in Daringbadi block, Kandhamal District, Odisha.

Cyanobacteria: “True bacteria with a prokaryotic cell structure and containing chlorophyll-a(a photo - pigment characteristic of eukaryotic algae and higher plants)”, are found in almost every conceivable environment, from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil. A procedure has been developed to isolate and cultivate Gleocapsa spp. an aquatic cyanobacterial spp. using various novel research techniques for sampling like Direct scrubbing, water scum sampling, and for Cultivation and Isolation like Capillary Transfer Technique, Transfer with help of Glass Beads, Transfer with help of Filter Paper, as a final result pure culture of Cyanobacterial spp. was obtained.

The study was conducted on 180 higher secondary school students to study their life style aspects due to the impact of environmental education with respects to their sex, location of the school and class. The self made questionnaire was used to collect the data which was treated with statistical techniques. Results revealed that not significant variation in the impact of environmental education due to the life style aspects of higher secondary students with their Gender, location of the students and class.

In recent years cases concerning conflicts of interests, business scandals, and stock manipulation by members of corporate boards, kickback payments and securities scam have damaged the reputation of business. Such reports impose questions regarding code of ethics of many managers and of organization, in general. The term ethics refers to a code of conduct that guides an individual while dealing with others. It relates to the social rules and cardinal values that motivate people to be honest in dealing with others. Such ethical rules are determined largely by customs, traditions and prevailing socio-economic environment. Certain ethical values such as honesty and fairness are universal and stable over centuries. Such values are applicable to all aspects of life including business.

Performance appraisal is one of the important constituents of performance management. The need for performance appraisal arises because every person has a different personality and different situational, social, psychological, and physiological traits. Performance appraisal is the assessment of the employee in performing his job (Mansuri, N. Welsh, 2003). It brings out the differences of performance among the employees working in an organization. It is a continuous process of measuring an employee's past or present performance quantitatively and qualitatively, against the background of performance criteria within the ambit of his job role and about his future potential in an organization

These resources have changed the principles of selection. In this present era selection of the requisite resources is a challenging task for the librarian and this is a very crucial issue. There is a need to develop a need based collection consisting on topics related to specific subject, general subjects and also variety of information sources available in print and online which will cater to the needs of the users. The concept of collection development is to build library collections in such a manner which will serve the various needs of the library users. The present paper explains the collection development policies and provides an outline for collection development policy for management institute libraries in respect to the changing electronic era.

Socio economic transformation over the previous decade may have created a less active life style and a decline in fitness among world wise children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to analysis the health related physical fitness among adolescents school boys of Puducherry. The sampling procedure used in this study large distribution of random population. To achieve this purpose the health related physical fitness of different age group 13, 14, 15 and 16 yrs school going boys of Puducherry in a total (N=3000),various districts (Puducherry, Karikkal, Mahe, Yanam age group (n-750) subjects were selected by convenience sampling method.

The present investigation was designed to prepare the psychological profile of long distance runners. For the purpose of this study 16 male Long distance runners who participated in all India intervarsity athletic meet in Chennai were recruited as the subjects. Their age ranged between 18 to 25 years. For developing psychological profile six important parameters selected were sports competition anxiety, sports achievement motivation, stress, social adjustment, body-image and sports morality

'Sound mind in a Sound body.' It is a very famous maxim which tells us the importance of health in an individual's development. Education is the process which requires not only the intellectual ability but also physical, mental & social strength. They should go hand in hand.

Bharati Mukherjee's works mainly focus on the issues of Indian women and their struggle in migration, the status of new immigrants, and the feelings of expatriates. She herself was in exile from India, expatriate in Canada and an immigrant in the United States. Mukherjee's own struggle with identity works as motivating force behind her attempts to find identity for her protagonists. Her works are her attempts to find her identity in her Indian heritage. About her aim of writing, in an interview, Mukherjee says:

If majority of the people in the country thinks that education is one of the important instruments to solve problems of the country, then it can be possible if we have teachers who are ready to walk on the path shown by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. But, at first, who is a teacher? The Sanskrit word, which is used to mean a teacher, is Guru. It means Guru or Teacher is the one who leads pupils out of darkness. Far be it leading others, sometimes we the teachers ourselves become confused of what is darkness and what is light. We cannot determine whether we ourselves are in light or darkness. As long as we have degradation in different aspects of our life and the vices like narrow mindedness, value crisis, ego problem, selfishness, lack of interest in research, lack of patient and politeness etc we live in the darkness. When we are completely free from all these vices we can claim that we are in the light and th consequently our leading others from darkness to light would be more effective. As we celebrate the 125 year of the birth of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, it is a golden opportunity to look back on him and learn how to become a great teacher like him. His greatness lies in his intellectual power, leadership, love for the teaching profession, patriotism and in all the aspects of his personality

Due to the emergence of various Electronic and online resources revolutionary changes have taken place in the library scenario. These resources have changed the principles of selection. In this present era selection of the requisite resources is a challenging task for the librarian and this is a very crucial issue. There is a need to develop a need based collection consisting on topics related to specific subject, general subjects and also variety of information sources available in print and online which will cater to the needs of the users. The concept of collection development is to build library collections in such a manner which will serve the various needs of the library users. The present paper explains the collection development policies and provides an outline for collection development policy for management institute libraries in respect to the changing electronic era. Due to the changing ICT applications the collection development policy has been shifted from printed formats to digital forms.

The increased industrial activities and urban growth along the rivers and lakes has resulted in pollution load over the water. In the present study physicochemical parameters and concentration of heavy metals in Nag River near the village Temasna were studied. The Parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Total Hardness and BOD were studied. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb) from the two water samples were detected. The conc. of Fe and Zn were found to be higher than the permissible limits given by WHO.

Adolescence is the process of development from childhood to maturity and adulthood. The present investigation was undertaken to study the nutritional status of rural adolescent girls by using anthropometric measurement, test of hemoglobin 50 girls from age group +13 to +16 are selected from priyadarshini girls school Patoda,and dietary intake. Result indicate that 82.5% respondent belongs from low BMI i.e. <18.5, while 21% respondent having hemoglobin below 10.00mg/dl. There is need to develop awareness about balanced diet.

The Handicrafts sector, the second largest employer after agriculture, has also been the fastest export growth sector since liberalization. It is a documented source of deep innovation and creativity. Handicraft products are mostly defined as items made often with the use of simple tools, and are artistic or traditional in nature (Yojana, 2006). Handicrafts represent a treasure trove of skills that can be readapted to ethnic produce as well as to modern sectors such as precision engineering. One essential step toward such recognition is reliable data on the scale and contribution of handicrafts and artisans to the Indian economy. This is needed to stimulate the fresh attitudes and investments which together can help India to optimize the contribution possible by hand production and by the communities that have created “hand producing” goods for the Indian market through millennia, underlying their relationship with national wellbeing.

Rhizosphere is the area of intense microbiological activity. Plant growth promoting rhizomicroflora inhabits rhizosphere of plants and enhance plant growth through production and release of metabolites and also inhibit soil borne plant pathogens by the production of substances like HCN & siderophore. The present study is intended to isolate plant growth promoting organisms from the rhizosphere of Calotropis procera. In the present study total 6 bacterial and 3 actinomycetal isolates were obtained. All the isolates were characterized by morphological cultural and biochemical characters. All the isolates were screened for their plant growth promoting activities viz. Ammonia production, HCN production, IAA production, siderophore production and phosphate solubilization and also tested for antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. The results showed that not all isolates possessed all 5 PGP activities. The % of positive isolates varied.

-Indian English Literature refers to the body of works by writers in India who write in English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages in India. There has been an astonishing flowering in Indian writing in English during recent decades. Novel has proved to be the most important and popular form peculiarly suitable to Indian sensibility. Mulk Raj Anand , Rao and R.K. Narayan are the building boulders of Indian English Literature. They have their hand in sketching the real conditions of Indian society. Their literature expresses the social issues. R. K. Narayan being the prominent writer of the era expresses Indian sensibility, customs, traditions and struggle for self settlement in his novels.

Endophytes - “Microbes that colonize living, internal tissues of plants without carrying any immediate over negative effects". In this present investigation the endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from root, stem and leaf of Sugarcane and Banana for their antimicrobial activity. Totally 6 endophytic actinomycetes were obtained from all the samples. Population enumeration, phenotypic characters like substrate mycelium, aerial mycelium, aerial mass colour, reverse side pigment, melanoid pigment, spore chain morphology, salt tolerance on growth, growth on different pH, effect of different temperature on growth, Biochemical characteristics, and enzymatic activity were studied.

The paper seeks to highlight the origin of trade union movement in city of Bombay. The paper also takes into consideration that how the condition of the workers of Bombay was miserable, lived in the slums, work for fourteen to sixteen hours a day but paid meagerly. Thus they were exploited by the Capitalist. It also tries to highlightthe contribution of M. N.Lokhandein the field of trade union in Bombay.At the end it also highlights on the introduction of several legislation and its impact on the workers of Bombay.

The Indian Sub-Continent and Iran (Persia) have a long history of close cultural and political ties, tracing back to the hoary past. The earliest epigraphical record in Indian context with Iran goes back to the Maruyan Period. The Aramaic edicts of Ashoka stand testimony to the cultural contacts that India had with Iran and its neighbouring countries. In the Vedas also reference about Iran had been made and it helps in bringing out the close connections between the two ancient civilizations. The origins of the two nations have been concurrent and traced to the Aryans. Based on this, one can find abundance of similarities in customs, traditions, language and other behavioral forms. In this paper, a humble attempt has been made to bring into light the commercial dealings between Iran and India up to the 15th century.

Regional Rural Banks are established under the provisions of an ordinance promulgated on the 26th September, 1975 and the RRB Act, 1976 with an objective to ensure sufficient institutional credit for agriculture and other rural sectors. Regional Rural Banks in India are an integral part of the rural credit structure of the country. There are 7 numbers of regional rural banks in the State of Maharashtra. RRBs though operate with a rural focus are primarily scheduled commercial banks with a commercial orientation.

Refinery oily sludge is one of the major sludge generated from the petroleum refineries. The quantity of sludge generated by the refineries is huge and is going to scale up further in future as the demand for petroleum product keeps on growing. The composition of oily sludge is very complex. It comprises of a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, long chain paraffinic wax, waste water, sediments and metals. Refinery sludge comes under the hazardous category. It has become an important environmental and public health issue in India and disposal of excess sludge will be forbidden in the near future Moreover as the crude reserves is depleting our refiners are aimed to extract as much valuables as possible from the crude and from the left over sludge before disposing it.This research work is aimed to analyse the composition of the refinery oily sludge

Much has been talked about the Aristotelian concept of the 'Tragic Hero' and 'Tragic Flaw,' where according to Aristotle a tragic hero has to be someone of noble stature. He believed that common men of inferior ranks were unable to create the impact enough for purgation of the pent up emotions. He most audaciously held the view point that men of noble birth and elites were the most appropriate class to carry out catharsis. Arthur Miller, a twentieth century American Dramatist, however stands in inverse to the Aristotelian principles of Tragic Hero. For him, common man best represents that tragic flaw which leads to his fatal destruction.

The student who take admission in college of education to become teachers have to study basic subjects and principles of education, as well as do some practical work. The practical work and its practice is equally important. Teacher training colleges give more importance to difference skills, methods, principles, definitions ideas, techniques and helps student-teachers to acquire these skills for effective teaching, based on which the student-teachers prepare lessons plans, take guidance for the lessons and then teach in the classroom according to guidance.

Companies are continually looking for profit making and wealth. However, some companies are not able to carry on activities and fulfill their commitments up to a predictable time in future. Therefore, the sources which could be invested on profit-making chances are wasted away and in a broad view will play a negative effect on macro- economic indexes which all indicate financial distress (ambiguity on activity continuity) of the companies. Then, if an independent auditor comes to the conclusion during his tenure that the company's future activity is unclear, it must be stated in auditing report to avoid misleading the user of the financial reports. Therefore, present paper is an attempt to investigate whether there is a meaningful difference between independent auditors tenure in financially distressed and non-distressed companies

This research paper deals with analysis and comparison of web page ranking algorithms used for Information Retrieval based on various parameter to find out their Advantages and limitations for the ranking of the web pages .On the basis of analysis of different web page ranking algorithms, a comparative study is done to find out their relative strengths and limitations to find out the further scope of research in web page ranking algorithm. Algorithms like Page Rank (PR), WPR (Weighted Page Rank), HITS (Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search), and Distance Rank and Eigen Rumor algorithms are discussed and compared.

Rice straw ash is used as a mineral admixture to cement in the present study. Rice straw is collected from local paddy field and burnt in a clay pit . The ash was collected and grounded to a fine powder. The grounded ash was sieved using a 75 µm test sieve and replaced partially with cement at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. The admixtured samples were hydrated for 1hour to 4 weeks and FTIR , SEM, and compressive strength analysis were carried out. The results were analyzed in the light of available literature.

Constitution is the fundamental legal document in a democratic society. It lays down the principles for the governance of a country. All laws have to conform to it and any enactment, inconsistent with it, is void. In some countries, it is very often, a charter for social and economic development of the country.

Balady mandarin (Citrus. reticulata), belongs to family Rutaceae, is one of the ancestral species of citrus, widely grown in the tropical and subtropical areas. Virus and viroids have been recognized as serious problem limiting the vigor, yield and quality of citrus. These diseases are graft transmissible through infected bud sticks. So, obtained of disease-free plants is imperative to provide certified microscions to the growers and to encourage the planting of grafts instead of seedlings. Micrografting is one of virus-free plant production methods, but, it is complex and its successful percent is low especially it is followed by acclimatization stage

Housing in India has extensively become a money mending business. Several private sector companies have made housing affordability in India elusive for a common man. The elevated housing costs, however, are not in proportion with the growth of per capita income. This relation is well articulated in this paper. A scrupulous relation between housing and building material costs (H&BMC) and gross per capita income has been established, thus coming to a conclusion of polarization of economies and widening of gap between rich and poor; making it imperative to scrutinize the issue.

Various philosophers and linguists have expressed different views on the use of language and have put forward the innovative theories to illustrate the complicated network of meaning. Language is a means of communication and is an essential matter of fact to study the nature of it by the various angles developed by the various scholars of language and literature across the world. Therefore, an attempt is made in this paper to study some of the selected pieces of conversation in Girish Karnad's well-known play Hayavadana, by the pragmatic point of view in general and the conversational principles in particular, to dig-out the implied meanings of it.

With so much of understanding of men and manners, Shakespeare wrote the play King Lear. “He was the man” said Dryden, “who of all modern and perhaps ancient 1 poets had the largest and most comprehensive soul.” Yes, it is true. He had thorough insight into human desires, feelings and emotions that he always, in his tragedies, presents them with utmost clarity. Shakespeare is a student and “poet of 2 nature.” As Samuel Johnson says, “his power was the power 3 of nature” and “His drama is the mirror of life…Shakespeare 4 always makes nature predominate over accident.”

:Large-scale forest destruction and encroachment of the forest habitat has resulted higher human-elephant conflict in all the elephant range countries of the world. The Kameng Elephant Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh, India is located at the northern boundary of Sonitpur Elephant Reserve have comparatively more dense forest (particularly in Pakke WLS), yet there is some degree of human-elephant conflict reported from this region. So, an attempt was undertaken to understand the people perception of the status of human-elephant conflict in Kameng Elephant Reserve. For this a questionnaire was prepared covering 21 parameters on human-elephant conflict

The student who take admission in college of education to become teachers have to study basic subjects and principles of education, as well as do some practical work. The practical work and its practice is equally important. Teacher training colleges give more importance to difference skills, methods, principles, definitions ideas, techniques and helps student-teachers to acquire these skills for effective teaching, based on which the student-teachers prepare lessons plans, take guidance for the lessons and then teach in the classroom according to guidance.

Food safety is a global concern. Several measures exist to ensure that food safety is not compromised at any stage from field to fork. These measures that prevent from any food safety hazard can broadly be categorized as food safety management systems. In certain countries, complying with food safety standards is a legal requirement. However, in developing countries like India where the concept of food safety is on a rise, the awareness about food safety management systems still lacks specially among small and medium size manufacturers. In smaller cities and towns in India, hardly food manufacturers are aware of the food safety management concept. This research paper intends to portray the current scenario of food safety and its management in Moradabad, a small city in Uttar Pradesh, India. In Moradabad, local retailers dominate the sweets, savory and bakery market.

This study concludes that all types of aided schools teachers are endowed with more teacher effectiveness than all types of govt. and non-aided school teachers, besides finding that aided school teachers have better professional and academic knowledge and better relationship with pupils, principals and parents.

Proper use of available health care facilities is a matter of concern for the present society. Numerous models and theories have laid before us the details of the factors governing maximum utilization of health care which has been proved to vary with individual's level of knowledge as well as level of ignorance, individual's behavioural tendencies towards pursuing the right medical treatment as well as their attitude towards life and economic factors. In developing countries, several societal and cultural determinants also dictate the types of treatment to be pursued for particular diseases.

The term Community Organization and locality development are interrelated and inter dependent. Unless community is organized community development is not possible. Locality development is the part and parcel of community development. In this paper conceptual clarity about locality development and its relationship with community organization is explained.

Thakurwadi of Rajgurunagar, Tal-Khed is trible area in Maharastra. Thakurwadi is sticky ruler area where % of tribal is greater than 80%. Ground water is only the source of water available for drinking and domestic purpose. Ground water and water of rain only can be used for agriculture purpose. This paper focuses attention on the study of quality of water and nutrient content in the soil.

This study evaluates and contrasts the management and the job performance among school teachers in India. The methodology relies on the investigation of 437 primary school teachers selected from primary schools in Mysore city, India. The study focuses on the job performance difference between Government and Private schools. The instrument used to measure the Job Performance was Job Performance Questionnaire adapted and translated by researcher (originally constructed by Shokrkon and Arshadi in 1990 in Persian).

Natya Sastra' like Aristatle 'Poetics' is about the 'Theory and Practice of drama'. The Natya infact is depiction and communication pertaining to the emotional of the entire triple words Natya is in all inclusive and a comprehensive terms which depicts the emotion of the triple world which includes worlds of human, Demonic and Divine. Natya is rich with different kind of emotions, built on the many stages and situations and imitating the conduct of the world on imitation of man and woman in action.

The rhizobacteria, saprophytic bacteria that live in the plant rhizosphere and colonize the root system, have been studied as plant growth promoters for increasing agricultural production and as biocontrol agents against plant diseases. The variety of microbes present in rhizosphere soil. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria presence is being observed from rhizosphere soil in Gloriosa superba. The field level studies revealed predominance of four PGPR microbes viz., Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas in twenty four locations of Tamil Nadu. These studies bring out the significant association of PGPR in the rhizosphere of Gloriosa superba. L.

Siderophore producing bacteriumEnterobacter cloacae GM-11 was isolated from rhizosphere soil in Solapur region, Maharashtra. The Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay was performed to detect the siderophore production. In CAS plate assay, the dark medium produce bright zone with yellowish fluorescent color. Arnow'sassay and Csaky'sassay were used.Check its phosphate solubilizing activity on Pikovaskaya medium.Moreover, Enterobacter cloacae GM-11 inoculate enhanced seed germination,root length and shoot length of soya bean under pot culture condition.Siderophore producing bacteria are involved in plant growth promotion of soya bean.